World War II - Battle of Savo Island

Battle of Savo Island - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Savo Island was fought August 8-9, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Fleets Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Richmond K. TurnerRear Admiral Victor Crutchley6 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 15 destroyers Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa5 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 1 destroyer Battle of Savo Island - Background: Moving to the offensive after the victory at Midway in June 1942, Allied forces targeted Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Situated at the eastern end of the island chain, Guadalcanal had been occupied by a small Japanese force which was constructing an airfield. From the island, the Japanese would be able to threaten Allied supply lines to Australia. As a result, Allied forces under the direction of Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletcher arrived in the area and troops began landing on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo on August 7. While Fletchers carrier task force covered the landings, the amphibious force was directed by Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner. Included in his command was a screening force of eight cruisers, fifteen destroyers, and five minesweepers led by British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley. Though the landings caught the Japanese by surprise, they countered with several air raids on August 7 and 8. These were largely defeated by Fletchers carrier aircraft, though they did set afire the transport George F. Elliott. Having sustained losses in these engagements and concerned about fuel levels, Fletcher informed Turner that he would be leaving the area late on August 8 to resupply. Unable to remain in the area without cover, Turner decided to continue unloading supplies at Guadalcanal through the night before withdrawing on August 9. On the evening of August 8, Turner called a meeting with Crutchley and Marine Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift to discuss the withdrawal. In leaving for the meeting, Crutchley departed the screening force aboard the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia without informing his command of his absence. The Japanese Response: Responsibility for responding to the invasion fell to Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa who led the newly-formed Eighth Fleet based at Rabaul. Flying his flag from the heavy cruiser Chokai, he departed with the light cruisers Tenryu and Yubari, as well as a destroyer with the goal of attacking the Allied transports on the night of August 8/9. Proceeding southeast, he was soon joined by Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotos Cruiser Division 6 which consisted of the heavy cruisers Aoba, Furutaka, Kako, and Kinugasa. It was Mikawas plan to move along the east coast of Bougainville before advancing down The Slot to Guadalcanal (Map). Moving through the St. George Channel, Mikawas ships were spotted by the submarine USS S-38. Later in the morning, they were located by Australian scout aircraft which radioed sighting reports. These failed to reach the Allied fleet until evening and even then were inaccurate as they reported the enemy formation included seaplane tenders. As he moved southeast, Mikawa launched floatplanes which provided him with a fairly accurate picture of the Allied dispositions. With this information, he informed his captains that they would approach south of Savo Island, attack, and then withdraw to the north of the island. Allied Dispositions: Before departing for the meeting with Turner, Crutchley deployed his force to cover the channels north and south of Savo Island. The southern approach was guarded by the heavy cruisers USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra along with the destroyers USS Bagley and USS Patterson. The northern channel was protected by the heavy cruisers USS Vincennes, USS Quincy, and USS Astoria along with the destroyers USS Helm and USS Wilson steaming in a square patrol pattern. As an early warning force, the radar-equipped destroyers USS Ralph Talbot and USS Blue were positioned to the west of Savo (Map). The Japanese Strike: After two days of constant action, the tired crews of the Allied ships were at Condition II which meant that half were on duty while half rested. In addition, several of the cruiser captains were also asleep. Approaching Guadalcanal after dark, Mikawa again launched floatplanes to scout the enemy and to drop flares during the upcoming fight. Closing in a single file line, his ships successfully passed between Blue and Ralph Talbot whose radars were hampered by the nearby land masses. Around 1:35 AM on August 9, Mikawa spotted the ships of the southern force silhouetted by the fires from the burning George F. Elliot. Though spotting the northern force, Mikawa commenced attacking the southern force with torpedoes around 1:38. Five minutes later, Patterson was the first Allied ship to spot the enemy and immediately went into action. As it did so, both Chicago and Canberra were illuminated by aerial flares. The latter ship attempted to attack, but quickly came under heavy fire and was put out of action, listing and on fire. At 1:47, as Captain Howard Bode was attempting to get Chicago into the fight, the ship was hit in the bow by a torpedo. Rather than assert control, Bode steamed west for forty minutes and left the fight (Map). Defeat of the Northern Force: Moving through the southern passage, Mikawa turned north to engage the other Allied ships. In doing so, Tenryu, Yubari, and Furutaka took a more westerly course than the rest of the fleet. As a result, the Allied northern force was soon bracketed by the enemy. Though firing had been observed to the south, the northern ships were unsure of the situation and were slow to go to general quarters. At 1:44, the Japanese began launching torpedoes at the American cruisers and six minutes later illuminated them with searchlights. Astoria came into action, but was hit hard by fire from Chokai which disabled its engines. Drifting to a halt, the cruiser was soon on fire, but managed to inflict moderate damage on Chokai. Quincy was slower to enter the fray and was soon caught in a crossfire between the two Japanese columns. Though one of its salvos hit Chokai, nearly killing Mikawa, the cruiser was soon on fire from Japanese shells and three torpedo hits. Burning, Quincy sank at 2:38. Vincennes was hesitant to enter the fight for fear of friendly fire. When it did, it quickly took two torpedo hits and became the focus of Japanese fire. Taking over 70 hits and a third torpedo, Vincennes sank at 2:50. At 2:16, Mikawa met with his staff about pressing the battle to attack the Guadalcanal anchorage. As their ships were scattered and low on ammunition, it was decided to withdraw back to Rabaul. In addition, he believed that the American carriers were still in the area. As he lacked air cover, it was necessary for him to clear the area before daylight. Departing, his ships inflicted damage on Ralph Talbot as they moved northwest. Aftermath of Savo Island: The first of a series of naval battles around Guadalcanal, the defeat at Savo Island saw the Allies lose four heavy cruisers and suffer 1,077 killed. In addition, Chicago and three destroyers were damaged. Japanese losses were a light 58 killed with three heavy cruisers damaged. Despite the severity of the defeat, the Allied ships did succeed in preventing Mikawa from striking the transports in the anchorage. Had Mikawa pressed his advantage, it would have severely hampered Allied efforts to resupply and reinforce the island later in the campaign. The US Navy later commissioned the Hepburn Investigation to look into the defeat. Of those involved, only Bode was severely criticized. Selected Sources World War II Pacific: Battle of Savo IslandOpening Salvos: The Battle of Savo Island

Analysis Of Paulo Freire s The Banking Theory Concept...

In the essay â€Å"The ‘Banking’ Concept of Education,† Paulo Freire creates the argument that teachers simply deposit knowledge into students and the students then only store the deposits, without having any input of their own. He says that â€Å"the student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means†¦.† (318). â€Å"The teacher teaches and the students are taught;† â€Å"the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply;† â€Å"the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) adapt to it.† Those are only some of the points made by Freire in the banking theory. Although Freire is talking about education, this theory can also be applied to modern day advertisement. Companies plaster advertisements anywhere they can, from billboards to television screens, telling viewers what they need to look like, act like, be like, and talk like, while the viewers simply take in that information and conform to it. In this Sisley advertisement, two models are snorting what would be expected to be cocaine, but instead it is a white dress. The words â€Å"Fashion Junkie† are printed underneath the brand name. The bright white of the dress creates a contrast with the pitch black background, creating an atmosphere of darkness. Additionally, both models are caked with heavy eye makeup, and the model on the right has her eyes rolled back giving the appearance of being high. This Sisley advertisement uses Freire’sShow MoreRelated Ralph Waldo Emerson and Paolo Freires Visions of Traditional Methods of Education1178 Words   |  5 Pagesand Paolo Freires Visions of Traditional Methods of Education #65279;Paulo Freire and Ralph Waldo Emerson share a similar vision in regards to traditional methods of education. A main common view is that both writers feel that the current education system in most places does not allow for people to reach their full capacity. Freire and Emerson share many other ideas regarding education such as their view of practice and theory and of free thinking. Their works are among the mostRead MoreThe Implication of Paulo Freires Banking Concept to the 8.4.4 System of Education in Kenya9634 Words   |  39 PagesAN EXAMINATION OF PAULO FREIRE’S BANKING CONCEPT AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE KENYAN EDUCATION SYSTEM. MASTERS PROPOSAL PRESENTED BY: OTIENO PHOEBE KISII UNIVERSITY COLLEGE JULY 2011 AN EXAMINATION OF PAULO FREIRE’S BANKING CONCEPT AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE KENYAN EDUCATION SYSTEM. BY OTIENO PHOEBE A MASTERS IN EDUCATION (MED) PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Read MoreTransformative Learning Theory— an Overview5690 Words   |  23 PagesTransformative Learning Theory— An Overview This section of the monograph provides a brief overview of transformative learning theory from the perspective of Jack Mezirow. Also discussed are the conditions that need to be present, from his perspective, to foster transformative learning. Its intent is to provide a synthesis of its major premises, not an exhaustive discussion, that includes enough information from which to understand the implications and insights gained from discussing the variousRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions Editor: Kim

Personal and Professional Development Abductor

Question: Discuss about thePersonal and Professional Developmentfor Abductor. Answer: Introduction The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagiarius that means abductor. Plagiarism is considered as presenting someone elses intellectual property/words. Claiming papers as own creation by anyone without providing the credit to the source or the author of the collected information. The following report contributes to the literature review of the plagiarism in the different sectors such as writing academic paper, research papers, journalism, professional writing etc. In addition to that, analysis of three plagiarism cases in which different public figures are accused in UK is also done. Definition of Plagiarism Through plagiarism, people deliberately lie about the authorship of the idea or intellectual property. The concept of plagiarism is applicable for the professional writers, students, journalists etc. The use of the synonyms to present the same idea of someone else is also considered as the act of plagiarism (Wager 2014). Even if the author borrows an idea from his/her previous works, it must be referenced in order to save the readers right to know the authenticity of the presented facts. Literature Review With the increasing development of internet that makes it easier for the people to access a lot of information available on the World Wide Web, the phenomenon of plagiarisms became severe in the students and other professionals (Hu 2015). Thus in case of the higher education and different other professions the cases of plagiarisms got increased in the recent years. Any unique creation might be appropriated. According to Wager (2014), in general the concept of plagiarism concentrates on content (also, this kind of replicating is typically the main kind that can be distinguished utilizing programming) it is critical to perceive that thoughts, pictures, innovative works (choreographies, musical lyrics), and information can be copied As example we have witnessed that the politicians are stealing the speeches of others, the authors of different books are using the ideas of another author without presenting proper citation of the original author. The plagiarism is also considered as fraudulent activity that is used by the authors, politicians and hugely by the students of different UK universities. Jane Goodall One of the famous primatologists, Jane Goodall was accused of lifting 12 sections of her book from different sites that includes Wikipedia too. The primatologist Jane has faulted a frantic work routine and her faulty method of note taking for a plagiarism debate encompassing her reissued book. Her book Seeds of Hope was first published in the year 2013 and after that some researchers found that the some of the sections are copied from other online sources without citing them properly (theguardian.com 2014). Even though the Washington post investigated the book and found the passages that were taken from other sources without proper citation it never used the word plagiarism instead it used words like Borrowed without attribution. The Washington post additionally discovered different sections of Goodall's book that were taken from websites such as Find Your Fate, Choice Organic Teas, and this Website on the historical backdrop of tobacco plants. This kind of reporting about the plagiarism cases raised some un-answered important questions like, the extensiveness of the plagiarism or the copied passages in the book, role of the publisher house and the co-author Gail Hudson. In addition to that, it is also questionable that if Jane Goodall is going to write other books for the same publisher then will there be measures to stop this kind plagiarism issues. The act of plagiarism is considered as fraudulent as, through the plagiarized material the writer or the author deceives the target audience to believe someone elses work as his/her own. E.L. James Fifty Shades of Grey is the primary novel in a set of three composed by the novelist E.L. James, which shot to the highest point of the Best seller list as soon as it is released in 2011. The embarrassments encompassing the boorish books have been various, and claims of literary theft have additionally encompassed the novel because of the unusual sources selected to develop the plot of the novel. Fifty Shades of Gray began its life as a bit of Twilight fan fiction titled "Master of the Universe" that James posted on the web. The story was initially in view of two characters named Edward, and Bella, after those in the Twilight Saga (Telegraph.co.uk 2013). In spite of the fact that the fan fiction was brought down and the names of the characters changed before it was distributed, the greater part of the book continued as before, which brought up many issues about the legitimateness of distributing it. In this case, as the content published on the Fan fiction is free, but James copied the plot of the novel written by Stephanie Meyer and with the little bit of changes in the name of the characters and plot published it as her own creation. JK Rowling Another famous case of plagiarism is against the famous fictional story writer JK.Rowling. She is allegedly stole the story of Adventures of Willy and created the legendary series of Harry Potter. In the year 2009, the estate of Adrian Jacobs filed a lawsuit against the author of Harry Potter accusing her to plagiarize the story of the Harry Potter and Goblet of Fire (Telegraph.co.uk 2010). The publisher and the writer JK Rowling are sued for 500million for professedly duplicating Harry Potter from a prior youngsters book, additionally by an English author mentioned above. Adrian Jacobs book Willy the Wizard - additionally about a youngster finding he has supernatural and magical powers - was distributed in 1987, ten years before the first in the Harry Potter arrangement and three years before Miss Rowling says she concocted her thought. Even though the Rowling denies all the acquisitions from the state of Jacob but there are evidences that strengthens the acquisitions. Such as, in both the stories the central character Harry and Willy the Wizard saves their friends from the dangerous strange creatures. In addition to that, the concept of the magical maps that shows the whereabouts of an individual according to their movement in certain region (Juola 2015). Markson, the PR executive of the estate claimed that author of Harry Potter plagiarized the plot of the story of Willy the Wizard. Even though the claims are denied by JK Rowling, the similarities between the plots of both the stories makes the readers of the book suspicious as the book Willy the Wizard published much before the Harry potter series and contains the ideas related to the Jacobs book (Park 2016). Recommendations In order guarantee that the plagiarism is avoided by the authors and the university students is to educate them about citing the sources they used in their writing. In most of the cases plagiarism, its due to the lack of knowledge about citing the sources and providing attribution to those sources. The universities must allot marks for the originality in the course works so that students try to make their original papers rather than copying it from a source. Conclusion The level and the severity of plagiarism ca be used to define the fine line between cheating and unintended content copying of others creation. In most of the cases whether it is done by the students of different universities or renowned professionals and public figures are not reported as they do not have the idea about how to use a source available on internet and acknowledge them in their own creations or academic papers. Even though there are tools like Turnitin that is used for the identification of the copied text in a journal, a research paper or an article in a newspaper, it is important to spread the awareness about acknowledging the source from which some information is taken. References Juola, P., 2015. The Rowling case: a proposed standard analytic protocol for authorship questions.Digital Scholarship in the Humanities,30(suppl 1), pp.i100-i113. Scott, C. 2013.EL James, author of Fifty Shades, has a new love rival. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: Taylor, M. 2017.Jane Goodall blames 'chaotic note taking' for plagiarism controversy. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/apr/01/jane-goodall-seeds-of-hope-plagiarism [Accessed 27 Feb. 2017]. Telegraph.co.uk. 2010.JK Rowling plagiarism claim: key passages. [online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/7264943/JK-Rowling-plagiarism-claim-key-passages.html [Accessed 11 Mar. 2017] Thepassivevoice.com. 2012.Fifty Shades - A Copy of Twilight or Not? | The Passive Voice | A Lawyer's Thoughts on Authors, Self-Publishing and Traditional Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.thepassivevoice.com/2012/05/fifty-shades-a-copy-of-twilight-or-not/ [Accessed 11 Mar. 2017].